Doctrine

A treaty means what states say it means. Each entry here is one question of principle, put to states in writing, with a deadline, and the answers recorded as they arrive.

• 2 September 2026 Article V of the Outer Space Treaty

  Does a treaty that calls astronauts envoys of mankind protect every person who goes into space, or only nationals of the launching state? Put to 129 states, with a register of what each one answers.